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Razprave in gradivo
The Hungarian and Italian minorities in the territories of Slovenia, Croatia and Serbia
Co-author(s):Boris Jesih (odg. ur.), Matija Žagar (gl. ur.)
Leto:2004
Publisher(s):Inštitut za narodnostna vprašanja, Ljubljana
Source(s):Razprave in gradivo, 2004, št. 44
Language(s):slovenščina
Type(s) of material:text
Keywords:Slovenija, Hrvaška, Srbija, demografske spremembe, manjšine, Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia, demographic changes, minorities
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Name:Razprave_in_gradiva-44.pdf
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Format:application/pdf
Permanent link:https://hdl.handle.net/11686/file409
Description
The Hungarian and Italian minorities, populating territories in Slovenia, Croatia and Serbia, have in the 20th century undergone major demographic, spatial, political and socioeconomic changes. A century ago, both the communities were still quite numerous (in 1910 there were about 300.000 Italians and over 500.000 Hungarinas) and - regarding their political status -dominant in Austro-Hungary (Hungarians) or Italy (Italians) in the period between the two world wars. Changes of political borders, as well as of legal and actual status caused large oscillations in the numbers of members of the two communities. The cooperation of Italy and Hungary on the side of occupation forces during the WWII brought about mass migrations of mainly Italian (and of course German) population after the war. These emigrations were due to fear, strong Italian propaganda (optants), unfavourable economic conditions, and partly also due to persecution (Esuli). The present territory of settlement of the Italian minority includes coastal settlements in Slovenia(about 3.000 members), in Croatia (about 21.000 members); according tostatistical data, about 25.000 persons altogether. The Hungarian territory of settlement is much larger and much stronger populationwise. It includes a narrow eastern border stretch in Slovenia (8.000 members), individual settlements in Croatia, (together 22.000), and the most extensive part in Vojvodina, mainly in the northern part of Bačka (today about 285.000). There are about 315.000 Hungarians in total, populating the extensive and mostly rural territory of the Pannonian plain. Hungarian community in Croatia and Vovodina saw a substantial decrease in numbers due to forced migrations, civilvictims and refugees in the areas of conflicts and forced mobilizations. According to some estimations the number of Hungarian population has decreasedby at least 30.000 persons. Both the minorities already had differentlegal and actual statuses in individual republics of the former Yugoslavia. They today enjoy by far the most favourable status in Slovenia.
Metadata (11)
- identifierhttps://hdl.handle.net/11686/4942
- title
- Primerjava družbenega in prostorskega razvoja madžarske in italijanske manjšine v Sloveniji, na Hrvaškem in v Srbiji v obdobju po razpadu Jugoslavije
- The Hungarian and Italian minorities in the territories of Slovenia, Croatia and Serbia
- creator
- Matjaž Klemenčič
- Jernej Zupančič
- contributor
- Boris Jesih (odg. ur.)
- Matija Žagar (gl. ur.)
- subject
- Slovenija
- Hrvaška
- Srbija
- demografske spremembe
- manjšine
- Slovenia
- Croatia
- Serbia
- demographic changes
- minorities
- description
- The Hungarian and Italian minorities, populating territories in Slovenia, Croatia and Serbia, have in the 20th century undergone major demographic, spatial, political and socioeconomic changes. A century ago, both the communities were still quite numerous (in 1910 there were about 300.000 Italians and over 500.000 Hungarinas) and - regarding their political status -dominant in Austro-Hungary (Hungarians) or Italy (Italians) in the period between the two world wars. Changes of political borders, as well as of legal and actual status caused large oscillations in the numbers of members of the two communities. The cooperation of Italy and Hungary on the side of occupation forces during the WWII brought about mass migrations of mainly Italian (and of course German) population after the war. These emigrations were due to fear, strong Italian propaganda (optants), unfavourable economic conditions, and partly also due to persecution (Esuli). The present territory of settlement of the Italian minority includes coastal settlements in Slovenia(about 3.000 members), in Croatia (about 21.000 members); according tostatistical data, about 25.000 persons altogether. The Hungarian territory of settlement is much larger and much stronger populationwise. It includes a narrow eastern border stretch in Slovenia (8.000 members), individual settlements in Croatia, (together 22.000), and the most extensive part in Vojvodina, mainly in the northern part of Bačka (today about 285.000). There are about 315.000 Hungarians in total, populating the extensive and mostly rural territory of the Pannonian plain. Hungarian community in Croatia and Vovodina saw a substantial decrease in numbers due to forced migrations, civilvictims and refugees in the areas of conflicts and forced mobilizations. According to some estimations the number of Hungarian population has decreasedby at least 30.000 persons. Both the minorities already had differentlegal and actual statuses in individual republics of the former Yugoslavia. They today enjoy by far the most favourable status in Slovenia.
- Madžarska in italijanska manjšina sodita med tiste evropske manjšinske skupnosti, ki so v 20. stoletju doživeli velike demografske, prostorske, politične in socialnoekonomske spremembe. Obe sta bili leta 1910 še dokaj številčni (Italijanov je bilo blizu 300.000, Madžarov pa nad 500.000) in po političnem položaju dominantni skupnosti, čeprav so bili regionalno v manjšini. Obe skupnosti sta se zaradi svojega etničnega zaledja (Italija, Madžarska) med drugo svetovno vojno sodelovali na strani okupacijskih sil. Vendar so bile posledice različne: večina Italijanov se je iz Istre in Dalmacije v desetletju po drugi svetovni vojni zaradi strahu (ezuli), slabih gospodarskih razmer in zelo močne italijanske propagande (optanti) izselila v Italijo. Madžari se na Madžarsko niso selili, ker so jo zasedle sovjetske četein uveljavile precej trši model socializma. Današnji poselitveni prostor italijanske manjšine obsega obalna naselja v Sloveniji, na Hrvaškem pa obalna naselja zahodne Istre, na Reki, Zadru in nekaterih dalmatinskih obalnih krajihter v Splitu; skupaj okrog 25.000 oseb. Je prostorsko dokaj razpršena inpretežno urbanizirana skupnost. Madžarska ekumena je bistveno obsežnejša in tudi populacijsko mnogo močnejša. Obsega ozek vzhodni obmejni pas v Sloveniji,posamezna naselja na Hrvaškem, Slavoniji in posebej v Baranji ter najobsežnejši del v Vojvodini, predvsem v severnem delu Bačke. Madžarov je skupaj okrog 315.000 in živijo večidel na podeželskem prostoru Panonske nižine. Madžarska skupnost se je zlasti na Hrvaškem in v Vojvodini zmanjšala zaradi nasilnih selitev, civilnih žrtev in begunstva za nad 30.000 oseb. Pravni, ekonomski in stvarni položaj madžarske in italijanske manjšine je najugodnejši v Sloveniji. Hrvaška izvaja varovanje manjšin na precej drugačen način, čeprav ima na poselitvenih območjih obeh manjšin tudi uveljavljeno zaščitno zakonodajo. V Vojvodini je bila madžarska skupnost z degradacijo pokrajinske avtonomije leta 1990 deležna različnih pritiskov s strani srbskih oblasti. Po Daytonskem sporazumu iz leta 1995 so se pritiski na lokalnih ravneh in s strani srbskega prebivalstva še stopnjevali. Prizadevanja Madžarske po posebni zaščiti Madžarov zunaj Madžarske je realno stanje še nekoliko poslabšalo. Predvsem pa se je na Hrvaškem in še posebej v Vojvodini močno poslabšal gospodarski in socialni položaj celotnih regij poselitve, zatotudi za Madžare. To je vodilo in še vedno vodi v sorazmerno močnemu izseljevanju zlasti mladega in kvalificiranega prebivalstva. Manjšinska populacija je zato nadpovprečno "stara", kar predstavlja veliko razvojno oviro. V celoti gledano se je poselitveno območje zaradi medetničnih konfliktov in lokalnih vojaških spopadov opazno periferiziralo. Italijanska skupnost je v socialnoekonomskem pogledu opazno na boljšem, vendar pa je prostorsko izrazito razpršena, lokalno maloštevilčna in s prevlado mešanih zakonov.
- publisher
- Inštitut za narodnostna vprašanja
- date
- 2004
- type
- besedilo
- language
- Slovenščina
- isPartOf