Istrian history at the time of the Habsburg monarchy is characterized by considerable denationalization violence against the Slovenes and the Croats on the part of the Italian minority, which, nevertheless, formed part of the leading class. The school system was also used as a means of violence. Disregard of the Slovene and Croat elementary school system can be seen from the survey of the school language, the number of pupils, classes and teachers given here. The data refer to the years from 1865 to 1913 and to the district of Koper and Volosko i. e. to those parts of Istria where there were Slovene elementary schools.