The purpose of the following contribution is to present the reasons for the establishment of a repressive system. The key elements influencing the repressivemeasures of the military and state authorities under the leadership of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia during and after World War II and the establishmentof the communist repressive system were various and interconnected.After the occupation of Yugoslavia in April 1941, the Communist Party ofYugoslavia organised a liberation movement, which also carried out the revolution.In Croatia the reasons for the resistance were the Yugoslav orientation ofa significant percentage of the population, the Ustashe terror against the Serbs,racist persecution, Serbian mass rejection of the Croatian state, terror against allthe opponents of the Independent State of Croatia, as well as strong anti-Italianand anti-German sentiment. These reasons were interconnected, and at the sametime they represented the causes of the subsequent liquidation of the opponentsand retaliatory measures, namely, the extensive repression carried out by theYugoslav communist authority. After the war Yugoslavia was restored. Federalism was introduced as a way of addressing the national issues, and Yugoslavia annexed extensive territories which had until then belonged to Italy. On the basis of Yugoslav nationalism the new state leadership settled the score with separatists and the German minority. Communist Party of Yugoslavia created a new social system with a tactical combination of propaganda and concrete measures. It appealed to the contributions of the national liberation movement to the liberation and emphasised the role of the people and their will. Despite its references to the People’s Front, the Communist Party took over all the key positions within the partisan movement and the nascent state apparatus. This had drastic consequences for all of its opponents and rivals. Naturally, a large number of casualties among the victors was among the important reasons for vengeance against the wartime enemies. However, this involved the intention of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia to neutralise all the real and imaginary military and political opponents and marginalise them socially. The repression involved death sentences, prison sentences, exile, confi scation of property, prohibition of political activities, and social marginalisation of the disarmed enemies and political opponents.After the alliance between the victors had dissolved, a danger of a war betweenthe states of the so-called Western parliamentary democracy and the Eastunder the leadership of the communist Soviet Union became apparent, in whichthe Yugoslav anti-communist forces would surely support the West. In this potentialwar Croats, members of anti-communist parties and movements, wouldplay an important part, and so would Serbs in Croatia, members of the Chetnikmovement. Among the former those who stemmed from the Ustashe movementas well as the members and adherents of the Croatian Peasant’s Party (Hrvatskaseljačka stranka) at home and abroad had the greatest influence. The Ustasheemigration and its supporters at home had the goal – apart from destroying thecommunist system – of abolishing Yugoslavia and establishing an independentCroatian state. Since the 1960s the Croatian Peasant’s Party, still active inemigration, changed its pro-Yugoslav standpoint and started arguing for an independent Croatia. All of this resulted in the Communist Party of Yugoslaviabuilding a strong repressive system.