In various ways the authoritarian and totalitarian regimes retaliate againstindividuals, groups, organisations, and minorities, which might oppose them and thus endanger their power. The fascist and Nazi regimes intensified the repression, and with aggression and occupation of the territories of other countries the repression turned into mass killing, involving all the sides. After the war the killing resulted in the vengeance of the victors against the defeated, as well as in the repression of the new Yugoslav communist authorities against the real or imagined opponents. Quite a few symbolic execution and burial sites date back to this period, for example Bazovica, the shooting range at Opicina near Trieste, the penitentiaries Stari pisker in Celje and the Maribor prison, the Graz cemetery in Austria, Gramozna jama in Ljubljana, Teharje, Kočevski Rog, Huda jama. In October 1929, seven years after it had risen to power, the Italian fascist regime carried out the first death sentence, executing a member of the minority and the TIGR organisation in Istria, Vladimir Gortan. Less than a year later, in September 1930, four members of Borba, the Trieste branch of the TIGR organisation, were tried as terrorists and shot in Bazovica. The firing squad consisted of the members of the fascist National Security Volunteer Militia (Miliziavolontaria per la sicurezza nazionale, MVSN). These deaths resounded far and wide in the European and worldwide democratic public, and already in 1930 Bazovica became a symbol of the resistance against fascism, while today it symbolises the struggle of the Slovenian Littoral (Primorska) Slovenians against denationalisation. After 1945, however, Bazovica also gained another symbolic meaning. Supposedly many of the people arrested by the Yugoslav authorities in May 1945 in the Trieste and Gorizia regions, who were later executed or died in prisonsand prisoner-of-war camps, were thrown into the so-called Bazovica foiba (anabandoned mining shaft). The missing included many fascists and collaborators, also members of the aforementioned National Security Volunteer Militia, including a member of the firing squad which had executed the four Sloveniananti-fascists in 1930. However, the missing also included 93 members of the Financial Guard, who participated in the uprising of the Italian National Liberation Committee in the end of April 1945 in Trieste, and several anti-fascists. In1992 the Republic of Italy declared the Bazovica foiba a national monument. At both these symbolic places, by some strange coincidence located in close proximity of each other, memorial services attended by masses of people are organised every year. Memorial services are also held at the locations of post-war executions. However, in light of the debates about the civil war and post-warexecutions, the fact that during the war the largest number of deaths, by far, was caused by the occupiers is disappearing from the historical memory. Let me just underline one of the worst examples of wartime repression, the repression of the German occupiers in the Slovenian Štajerska region in 1942, where mass executions of hostages and deportations to concentration camps took place. I would like to bring the attention to Hrastnik with its population of about 6000 people at the time, where in the summer of 1942 the Gestapo arrested more than fifty activists of the Liberation Front. Shootings followed. On 22 July seven citizens of Hrastnik were shot in Celje, seventeen on 30 July, fifteen on 15 August, and then another five in Maribor on 2 October, altogether 44. 27 of these were younger than 25, and one boy was shot ten days before his eighteenth birthday.The victims also included six women, only one of whom was older than twenty. Then the Gestapo arrested the members of their families and sent them to the Auschwitz concentration camp, while those younger than 18 were sent into children’s camps. There a girl, aged one year and a half, died. Already in 1942 twenty-four family members of those who had been shot died in Auschwitz, and another nine of them died in 1943. This makes 76 victims altogether.